OAs VARC 15.04.16

36. c Option (a) can be inferred from the first paragraph as well as

second paragraph where Andrew Simms points out that "there

is a risk that the world economy will be kick-started again,

without learning the lessons of the "consumption explosion".

This clearly suggests that the consumption levels will most

definitely not fall down. Option (b) can be inferred from the

fifth paragraph. The 'yawning gap' between consumption

levels of poorest people and the rich are mentioned. This is

justified by the example of the energy consumption by an

American vs a Tanzanian. Option (c) is the best choice because

the third paragraph mentions "if we bankrupt critical

ecosystems no amount of government spending will bring

them back"; it is not necessary that a thing which cannot be

restored cannot be conserved. Finance many not be able to

restore critical ecosystems but it might help in conserving

them. Option (d) can be inferred from the first three lines of

the passage where the author blames the rich nations for

putting the world under ecological debt and its consequences.

This is reinforced in the fifth paragraph- 'Just 7% of the global

population produces 50% of greenhouse gas emissions.'

37. c Option (a) refers to 'a point of no return' whereas the 8th

paragraph refers to nations that have crossed the bearable

limit of consumption levels. The given option suggests these

nations will never be able to fix this problem whereas this is

not suggested anywhere in the passage. Option (b) refers to

the habit of consuming resources at a high rate. This option

fails to recognize that such a habit is common only to a few

nations. Earlier in the passage, the report mentions the

difference between the consumption levels of a Tanzanian

and an American. Option (c) clearly explains the motive behind

referring to 'wasteful over-consumption'. The last paragraph

clearly explains that such wasteful over- consumption is not

sustainable. Option (d) cannot be verified from the passage

because the author does not suggest anywhere that one will

definitely lead to the next.

38. d Option (a) is incorrect because throughout the passage the

main point of the author is to explain that some nations' lifestyles

have gone into 'wasteful over-consumption' and this rate of

consumption is unaffordable by the planet. Hence, this option

goes against the views that are expressed in the passage.

Option (b) is incorrect because it isn not suggested anywhere.

Nef argues that even if the consumption levels of the poor

increase, they will fail to improve the quality of life beyond a

point. Option (c) is incorrect because even though reducing

the ecological debt is author's main concern and the overall

impact of focusing on qualitative improvements will lead to

lessening of the ecological debt; this is not the reason why

author refers to focusing on qualitative improvements. Option

(d) is the best choice because the passage explains in the 6th

paragraph that consumption's ability to improve life is limited; it

provides short-term gains only. When consumption becomes

over-consumption, it stops improving the qualitative aspect of

life. Hence human beings should shift their focus to more

qualitative improvements in life.

39. b Option (a) cannot be conclusively inferred as the author lauds

various aspects of Rowlings work but as regards criticismthe

author is mild and guarded in his approach and not entirely

explicit. Although, the author uses the terms 'equal-opportunity

appropriator' with reference to Rowling, he in no way means

to accuse Rowling. Moreover the tone of the author is not

derogatory. So plagiarism would be an excessive label. Option

(c) is incorrect. The author does not feel that the instances

having real world underpinnings are laughably childish. In

fact as evidenced in the 1st paragraph, the author only notes

that Rowling acknowledged Hermione's preparations (made

before launching into a particularly dangerous offensive) as

laughably childish. Option (d) is also incorrect. Refer to the

lines "…she may leave you quibbling over her seemingly

inexhaustible stock of narrative coincidences, but you brush

aside these concerns because you care about the

characters." So the element of love and care in Rowling's

book is quite predominant over the effect created by the

narratives. Option (b) is correct. In the first para, the author

discusses the negative points of the book. Refer to the lines

"Another factor that eats considerably into the element of

danger is that practically every move of Voldemort's is sensed

comfortably ahead-of-time by Harry, thanks to his psychicallyconnected

scar." So the 'scar-factor' eats into the danger or

reduces the effect of danger.

40. b Option (a) is incorrect. We do not know whether the

appropriations or the other works go into the intricacies of

human relationships though the book may have gone into

human relationships. Option (c) is incorrect. It is not only the

evil empire which has real world underpinnings. The book

has real world underpinnings. Option (d) is incorrect as the

initial lines of the passage state that 'the story of a group of

rebels seeking to bring down an evil empire' is not new to pop

culture storytelling. It is the real world underpinnings which

make the story different. Option (b) is correct and apt to

represent what the author feels about 'Deathly Hallows'.

41. c Option (a) is excessive as although the author is respectful

towards Rowling's work, but to say that the author is enthralled

or influenced, is an incorrect inference. Options (b) and (d)

are insufficient to reflect the tonality of the passage. Refer to

the opening lines of second paragraph "... not to say Deathly

Hallows is anything less than a nail-biting read. A rescue

operation inside the Ministry of Magic is thrillingly written, and

the climactic battle is a real rouser". In these lines, we see that

author's tone is admiring. Also read, 3rd paragraph, where the

author touches the lacking facets of the book, "...Rowling

may leave you dissatisfied with the ..." and suggests us to

brush aside these concerns drawing our attention towards

our liking for the characters. Thus, it can be concluded that

the author's tone is analytical. He likes to examine things very

carefully.

42. c Option (a) is not the right answer as the purpose of nihilism is

not to establish itself after replacing the current social system.

Option (b) is not the correct answer, as nihilism cannot be

equated with delusion. Option (c) is the correct answer. The

lines from the first paragraph clearly state "the nihilist discovers

that all values are baseless and that reason is impotent. "Every

belief, every considering something-true," Nietzsche writes,

"is necessarily false because there is simply no true world".

This makes option (c) as the closest definition of nihilism by

the author. Option (d) is not the answer. Nihilism no doubt

opposes the social organization, but we don't have any

information to classify nihilism as an anarchist doctrine.

43. c Option (a) is not the correct answer as Nihilism was not the

primary reason for the collapse of the civilizations. Spengler

in his study noticed that the patterns of nihilism were present

as a conspicuous feature of collapsing civilizations but these

patterns cannot be claimed to be the primary reason for the

fall of these civilizations. Option (b) is not the correct answer.

The opinion in the option statement is opinion of Eugene Rose.

We cannot be sure that nihilism will definitely lead to a cold

and inhuman world. Option (c) is the correct answer. From

the lines "This collapse of meaning, relevance, and purpose

will be the most destructive force in history, constituting a

total assault on reality and nothing less than the greatest

crisis of humanity," option (c) can be inferred. Option (d) is not

the correct answer as we have no information to infer that

eastern doctrines use meditation and tantra for withdrawal

from the world.

44. d Option (a) is not the correct answer. It talks about the basic

values of nihilism. It emphasizes the redundancy of everything

including that of the consciousness. Option (b) is not the

correct choice. It appears to be a statement by a Nihilist. The

Nihilist has expressed that there are people who are not

willing to accept the ideas of nihilism. Option (c) is also talking

about the core ideas and tenets of nihilism. It talks about the

non-existence of the world and the inherent satire of a Nihilist.

Option (d) is the correct answer as it rejects the basic tents

of the nihilism. It clearly says that everything is something and

not nothing.

45. d Option (a) is incorrect because the modifier 'acting as a

facilitator or go-between' modifies the subject - the broker

who is the weak link. The word 'between' has been used

correctly in the sentence. Option (b) has one error. Even

though the subject - broker - has been placed correctly, the

word 'among' has been used incorrectly. 'Among' could have

been used if the communication were with one another within

a group or if the sentence referred to more than two parties.

However, if there is one-to-one correspondence, use

"between" even when more than two people, places or things

are being discussed. For example, "There is significant

disagreement on this issue between Germany, France and

Austria." Option (c) has three errors. Firstly, the subject has

not been moved to its correct place - right next to the modifier.

Secondly, the word 'among' has been used incorrectly. Thirdly,

the pronoun 'this' should be used in place of 'that person'

because 'this' is used for something or someone closest to

the thought of the speaker. Since the broker has been

mentioned, it is clear that the speaker is talking about this

person. Option (d) is grammatically correct.

46. d Option (a) contains two errors. First, the use of 'together'

with the word 'collaborate' is redundant. The word means to

work together. Hence, it is unnecessarily used in the sentence.

Second, there is a condition that is set in the given sentence.

Therefore, the word 'if' should replace 'when'. Option (b)

contains two errors. First, the conditional form 'if' should be

used in place of 'when'. Second it uses they for the collective

noun 'Faculty members association' which is being

represented as a single unit. Option (c) contains one error -

the error of redundancy. There is no need to use 'together'

with 'collaborate' because it means to work together. When

we remove 'together' from the sentence, the meaning of the

sentence is not altered. Option (d) contains no error.

47. b Option (a) is incorrect because the paragraph pertains to the

evolution and impact of "offshore" capitalism whereas this

option refers to how things were before the onset of this

new order. Option (b) is the best choice because the author

mentions the factors that enabled the evolution of 'offshore'

capitalism - offshore tax benefits and financialising of everyday

assets -which led to a major impact on world economies. This

'offshore wizardry' had its impact on world economies. From

discussing the evolution of 'offshore' capitalism, the paragraph

moves onto its impact on the world. Option (c) is incorrect

because, it goes away from the subject: it does not seem to

be a factor that enabled the evolution of offshore capitalism.

Option (d) refers to the final effect of 'offshore' capitalism

whereas the paragraph is still explaining how 'offshore'

capitalism evolved and shaped the markets and economies.

Hence, this statement does not fit in the given context.

48. b Option (a) is incorrect because the paragraph discusses the

inability of the modern industrial society to remove genderbased

inequality and then moves onto discuss the inability of

the legal system. This option deals with the inability of the

industrial setup whereas the paragraph has already moved

onto the next point. Hence, it is incorrect. Option (b) is the

best choice because it strictly pertains to 'equality' within the

purview of the legal system and how the law is unable to

translate 'legal provisions' regarding equality into action. Note

the keywords - 'legal provisions' and 'equality on paper' given

in the last line of the paragraph. Option (c) does not fit in this

context because it refers to what is needed (a complete

revolution in thinking) in society today whereas the paragraph

refers to the inability of the industrial system and the legal

system in altering gender-based inequalities in society. Option

(d) does not fit because it has been already established in the

paragraph that women have been proving their worth in society

by doing the same work that men do. This statement pertains

to the undying spirit of women whereas the paragraph has

moved onto discuss the inability of the legal system.

49. a Option (a) is the best choice because there is no grammatical

error in the given sentence. Option (b) is incorrect because

there is a subject -verb agreement error. 'The closing of illegal

shops….' is singular, so 'requires' is appropriate here. In the

sentence the relative pronoun 'who' should be used for

persons and not 'which'. Option (c) uses the future continuous

tense; however, the sentence establishes that these illegal

shops and buildings have already been built. So, the action

has completed in the past. Therefore, the use of future

continuous tense is inappropriate. Option (d) contains a

subject-verb agreement error, 'requires' should be used here.

Also, it uses the future perfect continuous tense which is

inappropriate in this case. This suggests that the builders

have not yet constructed these illegal shops but, the

construction will be in progress and will end in the future.

50. d Option (a) is incorrect because an incorrect tense is used

here. The word 'comes' should be 'came' because the

sentence refers to events in the past. Option (b) uses the

past tense correctly in the first part of the sentence but then

uses present perfect continuous 'has been working' instead

of the past perfect continuous tense 'had already started'.

Option (c) is incorrect because the first part of the sentence

uses the past tense but the second part 'comes' uses the

present tense. Option (d) is the best choice because it uses

the past tense appropriately.

51. c The paragraph refers to the nature, types and targets of old

joke tales. 'A' refers to certain characteristics that were mocked

in these jokes. E follows as it narrows down to focusing on

one type of jokes - stupidity. Then, D is an example of the

types of jokes in Estonia. Also the keywords mentioned in E

'different regions' leads to the example of Estonia in D. DCB

becomes a mandatory sequence since these three pertain

specifically to Estonia and the paragraph moves (from general

nature and types of jokes) to specific 'targets' of these jokes

like Foreigners. The pronoun 'their' used in B refers to the

'foreigners' given in C.

52. d The paragraph studies laughter both as a communicative factor

and as a stylistic device in narratives. It deals with laughter

as an expression of emotions in narratives. A is a conclusive

opinion about laughter which can be understood in many

ways and may not always function as a reaction to humour.

This idea is carried forward in C which is obvious as it uses

the pronoun 'it' for laughter. B explains how narrators can

underline their perspective by using various tools of language.

D suggests how this perspective can be studied. The pronoun

'this' is used for 'the standpoint'. Also, humour, irony etc

mentioned in D connects with the tools - direct comments etc

mentioned in B. E concludes the paragraph (note the keyword

-thus) by referring to the important role of laughter in narration.

53. b Note that the paragraph moves from research in 'conflict

settings' to 'training' for research. A introduces the importance

of health research in conflict settings. E follows as it explains

what is meant by 'conflict settings' and why is it difficult to

conduct research in such settings. D refers to those who

conduct research and what they should reflect upon before

starting this process. The keyword 'conflict settings' mentioned

in E connects with 'such settings' in D. C follows D as it

explains how the quality of such research can be improved.

The keyword 'training' makes CB a mandatory pair. While C

explains the need for training in a broader use, B explains

how exactly that can be used to further the cause of health

research in conflict settings.

54. d The relationship between 'Vicissitude' and 'Stagnation' is of

antonyms. One of the meanings of 'Vicissitude' is the quality

or state of being changeable; mutability. Similarly, 'diffidence'

which means unassertiveness is an antonym of

'assertiveness'. 'Vexation' means an act of harassing or

vexing. 'Chagrin' means disquietude or distress of mind caused

by humiliation, disappointment or failure. 'Mortification' is a

sense of humiliation and shame caused by something that

wounds one's pride or self-respect. Mortification' also stands

for the cause of such humiliation or shame. 'Naivete' is a naive

remark or action. 'Ingenue' is a naive girl or a young woman. It

also stands for the stage role of an ingenue or an actress

playing such a role.

55. b Option (a) is unworthy of being chosen, as the idiomatic

expression "like something the cat dragged in" means to look

very shabby, worn, exhausted, or abused. Option (c) is also

ineligible, as the idiomatic expression " like a cat on a hot tin

roof" is to be nervous and unable to keep still. Option (d) is

also inept to be chosen, as if someone is "like a bump on a log"

he/she is completely inert and does not react in a useful or

helpful way to the activities happening around him/her. Only

option (b) is in line with the purport of the given sentence(s).

"like the cat who swallowed the canary" means displaying

a self-satisfied grin. It is used to talk about a person who

appears self-satisfied or smug, especially while concealing

something mischievous, prohibited, or private. The phrases "I

won him" and "gloating over..." convey that the lady discussed

in above question had just had a great success. She appears

smug and very satisfied while concealing something private

or somewhat unacceptable.

56. d Option (a) may look close but it is not a sure-fire solution to the

question and is rather a bit unverifiable opinion which cannot

be the logical extension of the given paragraph. We do not

have any data given in the paragraph to substantiate the

certainty claimed by option (a) that the oceans are not at all a

source but only a sink of carbon from the atmosphere. The

recent CO2 increase in the atmosphere could be due to human

activities or oceans or any other untouched reason like fossil

fuel burning and deforestation. The question, "Where could

such a huge amount have come from?" remains unanswered

in the given text although the paragraph moves on the subject

of discussion: the repercussions of the carbon spike.

Moreover in option (a) and the paragraph itself, we see that

the fact that oceans are acting sinks of carbon does not

negate or eliminate the possibility that they cannot be the

source of the same. Option (b) talks about oceans and does

not pair with the last line of the paragraph and goes adrift

from the course of discussion. Option (c) is negated as although

it elaborates on the environmental change caused by industrial

revolution and Anthropocene, but fails to further the discussion

on the repercussions of the carbon spike. As the last line of

the given paragraph talks about the "long tail" of the

Anthropocene and option (d) elaborates the same, it can be

easily glued to the paragraph. Hence, option (d) is the obvious

continuation of the given text.

57. a Only pair A exhibits synonymous relation 'Turpitude' means

inherent baseness. 'Depravity' means a corrupt act or practice.

B fails to have such a relationship. 'Sentience' refers to a

feeling or sensation as distinguished from perception and

thought. 'Cognizance' means knowledge or awareness.

58. c Both the pairs demonstrate a synonymous relationship. 'Stolid'

means having or expressing little or no sensibility. 'Phlegmatic'

means having or showing a slow and stolid temperament.

'Heretical' refers to something or someone characterized by

departure from accepted beliefs or standards : unorthodox.

59. d None of the pairs have a synonymous relationship. 'Arch'

means principal or chief. It also stands for mischevious or

saucy. 'Arcane' means difficult to understand. 'Eclectic' means

selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines,

methods, or styles or something composed of element drawn

from various sources. 'Esoteric' means designed for or

understood by the specially initiated alone.

60. b 'Titillate' is to excite pleasurably. 'Titivate' is to make smart or

spruce. 'Sarcastic' implies an intentional inflicting of pain by

deriding, taunting, or ridiculing. 'Sardonic' is a synonym of

sarcastic; 'sardonic' means derisively mocking or disdainfully

or skeptically humorous.

OAs - VARC 13.04.16

23. d In the passage, the author uses all the elements mentioned in

the answer options. The author with reference to Freud's

analogy of the iceberg uses analogy. The tone of the author is

conversational especially in the lines "You probably are

beginning to sense that both the id and the superego make life

rough for the ego. Remember that Freud considered

personality like…" The author uses a question at the start of

the fourth paragraph.

24. b Option (a) does not answer why the id makes life rough for

the ego. Option (c) is incorrect as the ego is partly

subconscious and partly conscious like the iceberg partly

submerged in water. Option (d) is distorted. It is anxiety that

triggers the mechanisms of repression and not the reverse.

Refer to the last line of the second last para "The anxiety

alerts the ego to resolve the conflict by means of defense

mechanisms." Option (b) is correct. The id is made up of

subconscious impulses that can be inferred as 'wanting

pleasure even if it causes harm'. The superego places moral

restrictions on this. Thus the life of the ego becomes rough.

25. b The 'id' represents the unconscious impulses which are often

dangerous for a person and have to be restricted by the ego.

The ego uses reason and interacts with reality and even

distorts it. The superego is the moral department. Option (a)

represents an unrestricted impulse which can cause harm to

the person. Hence it would most probably belong to the 'id'.

Option (c) is a conclusion based on reality. Hence it would

belong to the ego. Option (d) belongs to the moral departmentthe

superego. But option (b) seems to have been generated

by the conscience or the superego as it deals with right/

wrong.

26. d The relationship between the words in the given pair is that of

antonyms. 'Opulence' means wealth or affluence. 'Pauperism'

means poverty. Option (d) exhibits a similar relationship,

'Clemency' means disposition to be merciful. 'Mercilessness'

is its opposite. 'Deportment' means the manner in which one

conducts oneself. 'Demeanor' means behaviour toward others.

'Convalescence' means recovery of health and strength after

illness. 'Recuperation' is its synonym. 'Anathema' refers to

someone or something who is intensely disliked or loathed.

'Bete noire' refers to a person or thing strongly detested or

avoided.

27. d Statement 1 may seem correct but it has a spelling mistake.

The noun 'gallows' should replace 'gallow'. Statement 1 should

read as, "Who, by and large, are the men whom the gallows

swallow?" 'Gallows' is an instrument of execution consisting

of a wooden frame from which a condemned person is

executed by hanging. Its plural is gallows or gallowses.

Statement 4 has two subject-verb-agreement errors. The

correct sentence should read as '...-it is these people who

are the morning meal of the macabre executioner' as the

sentence takes various people into consideration.

28. a The second part of the sentence holds the key to solving this

question. Unattributed works are investigated. So, anything

that is unattributed will be investigated for its origin and source.

Hence, we cannot use 'authenticity' and 'truthfulness' in the

first blank. 'Plausibility' means the quality of appearing worthy

of belief; it is not fit for the first blank. So, only option (a) can

give the clear meaning of the sentence.

29. b Option (a) is incorrect as the author is discussing the

responsibility of writers like Benjamin but the author does not

pronounce any judgement on him. Option (c) is again an

inference beyond the scope of the passage as the author

seems to have just broached the topic of 'writers' responsibility'

and he has not made any judgement on them. Option (d)

cannot be inferred from the passage as Benjamin was aware

that his writings had an effect, but we do not know whether

he was fully aware of the effect of his writings on the

populace. Option (b) can be inferred as the possibility is open

that Benjamin's writings could have influenced the course/

trajectory of the red army. In fact the author seems to believe

that the writings and the trajectory of the red army could be

connected.

30. d All the statements given as answer options are untrue. In

fact, towards the end of the passage the author mentions

"But a difficult question remains. Does any kind of fuse or trail

lead from his words to their deeds? If so, it would mark a

striking instance of the general problem : how responsible is

a thinker for the fate of his/ her ideas? Such questions were

hardly foreign to Benjamin." These lines clearly show that

Benjamin, (an anarchist, according to the author) was not

unaware of the effect of his writings. The passage nowhere

states that the anarchists were aware of one another; it

states that the anarchists worked on their 'infernal machine'

without knowing of one another. (c) cannot be inferred from

the passage, as the idea of 'fighting against evil rulers' has

not been hinted at in the passage.

31. b Option (a) is part of the purpose but it leaves out the influence

of writers who give a spark to the dormant tensions. Option

(c) is discussed to a very small extent in the fourth para. The

passage is concerned about the responsibility of writers and

not the futility of talking about them. This makes (d) incorrect.

The primary theme of the passage can be broadly described

as ' Discussing the fact that the inner tensions in a population

are just waiting for a spark to blow up into a violent movement

- and that the responsibility of writers who fuel this needs to

be examined'. Hence option (b) emerges as an option that is

closest to the primary theme of the passage.

32. c The given argument highlights that the request for the protest

march satisfied all the mandatory requirements and the

government showed apathy by not responding to the request.

In option (c), it is mentioned that the landowner got the map

prepared from a government-approved architect, it shows

that he complied with the norms. No response from the

government shows its apathy; this equates it with the

reasoning given in the argument. Options (a) and (b) are

inconsistent with the reasoning given in the argument as they

do not highlight any instance of compliance or apathy. Option

(d) is incorrect because the criterion for compliance is not

fulfilled- the student knowing his subject well does not imply

that he will pass the examination.

33. c Option (a) is erroneous. The adjective 'at least' has been

wrongly written as 'atleast'. Also there is no word such as

'markmanship'. It is incorrect and it should be 'marksmanship'

which means skill in shooting. Moreover, the preposition 'of'

has been wrongly placed after killing. 'Killing Jackson' is the

needed noun phrase, they had to make sure of it and execute

with the requisite carefulness. The verb, 'make sure' is often

used with a noun to form a phrase. This error is also seen in

option (b). Option (b) has another imprecision: The adverbial

expression 'so much as' is distorted as 'so much so'. 'So

much as' is used as an intensive to indicate something

unexpected; even. The sentence means to say that none of

them had even seen a proper revolver. Using the expression

'so much so' would impart a vague meaning to the given

sentence, making it look awkward. 'So much so' means to

such a great degree. It is often followed by a clause beginning

with that. In option (d), 'marksmanships' is incorrect.

34. a The question statement clearly talks about wasteful

expenditure. So, the first blank should be filled with a word

that can mean profuse or to bestow someone with something.

For this 'lavish' is the best word. Moreover, the speaker intends

to communicate that something is done in memory of Mahatma

Gandhi. So 'commemorative' is the most appropriate word to

communicate the meaning of the sentence. Now coming to

option (b), extravagant already means something that exceeds

limits. So, 'extravagant excess' will bring redundancy error in

the sentence. Options (c) and (d) are incorrect as the second

blank cannot be filled with the word 'remembrance' or 'honour'.

35. c The tone of the paragraph shows a dichotomy. The key to

solving the question lies with the second blank, which should

convey the opposite meaning to the sense of contentment

displayed by America. 'Fastidious' (reflecting a meticulous,

sensitive, or demanding attitude) is the apt choice for the

second blank. Also, 'dysfunctional' (not functioning normally)

is the correct word for the first blank. Option (a) is incorrect

as 'complacent' should not be used for the second blank.

Similarly, 'sedated' in option (d) cannot fit the context. Option

(b) is incorrect as crotchety (Capriciously stubborn or

eccentric; perverse) does not fit in the second blank.

36. c In option (a), the relative clause modifies the noun 'town',

which gives a wrong impression that the town was usually

hated by the locals although its architects won a major Welsh

housing award in 2006. Option (b) also has the same error. In

addition to this, in option (b) 'bottle bank' has been incorrectly

written as 'bottles bank'. Option (d) has two errors- (i) a

comma is placed before 'that'; here that is being treated as a

restrictive clause and should not have a comma before it. (ii)

'it's architects' is incorrect; the correct usage here would be

'its' as the possessive form is required here. (iii) the expression

'most often usually' is a case of redundancy. It should be

either 'most often' or 'usually'.

37. c Option (a) can be inferred as a hurdle in doing justice to the

promise of justice. Refer to the discussion in the opening para

"Nevertheless, how is it possible to do justice to the promise

of justice? Especially when this very promise brings with it all

the suffocating memories of the disappointments, and worse,

that attend its history." Option (b) also is a hurdle as seen from

the lines "One obvious way to do justice to the promise of

justice is to realize its promise, yet this realization might be to

betray both promise and justice. For a promise of justice can

also be threat and its realization the wreaking of vengeance."

Option (c) is not a hurdle but a factor which revives the need

to do justice to the promise of justice. Refer to the line in the

first para ,"The prefigurations……….revive the force of the

promise, in spite of everything."

38. b Refer to the lines in the last para "The tension between

regarding the 'promise of justice' in terms of either divine

vengeance, on the one hand, or divine grace, mercy or

forgiveness, on the other, is not only an urgent legal and

political issue but also an intrinsic articulation of the promise

of justice itself." This leads to option (a). Option (c) can be

inferred from the lines in the second last para "Derrida confirms

his consistently held view that justice can only be promised;

to realize it is to betray its promise to calculation or vengeance."

The 4th line in the last paragraph clearly states that the character

of the justice promised is inseparable from the form of its

realization. This clearly contradicts option (b).

39. d 'Eschatology' is a branch of theology concerned with the final

events in the history of the world or of humankind. None of

the options come close to the meaning of eschatology.

40. a The implicit premise of GP's argument is that they are on

course. Satya, through his argument, has rejected this implicit

premise and this has led to a different conclusion. Hence,

option (a) is the correct answer. Option (b) is not the correct

answer, as accepting the truth of GP's premises does not

imply that GP's argument is invalid. Option (c) is not the correct

answer as Satya offers the reason for rejecting GP's implicit

premises. Option (d) is incorrect as Satya is not noncommittal.

He, in fact, feels that they need to stop.

41. b It is given in the question statement that the job of a counselor

requires no educational qualification. But this does not mean

that Mr. Padhai is not an educated person. So, in order to

weaken the reasoning one has to offer information that can

clarify the ambiguity of the question statement. Option (a) is

not the correct choice, as working at Career Launcher for

10 years does not weaken the reasoning.

42. b 'Lesion' as such is a damage resulting to body parts from a

disease. So option (b) is correct . The term does not connote

time-early/advanced symptoms. Hence options (a) and (d)

which respectively speak about 'early symptoms' and

'advanced signs' are inappropriate. Option (c) is incorrect as

the term does not imply dead body parts.

43. d Option (a) is explicit in the 3rd last line of the last para of the

passage. Option (b) can be discerned from the lines in the 4th

para, "The medical gaze required a new concept of pathology

as well as a shift in the place of death in the medical field."

Option (c) can be inferred from the discussion in the last para.

But option (d) cannot be inferred. Definitely the ultrasound

has added a new dimension to the medical gaze, but we

cannot infer that the stethoscope is redundant; the author

clearly mentions, "The invention of the stethoscope was

strategic in this process"

44. b Since we are looking at the author's purpose in quoting the

comment by Barbara Duden, 'we are overwhelmed with

fetuses.', in the overall development of the passage, we need

to look at the parts of the passage before and after the

comment. The comment is used to highlight the blinding effect

created by the images of the fetuses. So in the context of the

development of the passage the comment is used not only to

highlight the new medical stage but to draw attention to the

implications of the creation of the images of fetuses. This

makes option (b) score over option (c). Option (a) does not

qualify as the primary intent of the author. Option (d) is not

discussed in the passage. Although, the author raises a

question, "What are its political and ethical implications", with

reference to the images of fetuses but he does not pass a

judgement on it.

OA VARC 11.04.16

41. c In the given sentence the only suitable word for the second

blank is "consequences" for a simple reason that the

experimental results cannot be foundations/conditions/

adjuncts of anything. This negates all the options except option

(c). 'Illuminate' means to make clear; explain; elucidate.

42. d There is no error in any of the sentences.

43. d The author is exploring why patriotism in America is different

and more inclusive as compared to that in Australia and Europe.

This is the main theme. The author also shows a slight

preference of American Patriotism to that of Europe and

Australia. This leads us to option (d). Option (a) is not the

primary objective of the author. The author does not use harsh

words to criticize Europe or Australia. Option (b) is too general.

The attempt is not to learn but to study the difference in

patriotism among America, Australia and Europe. Option (c)

again is part of the discussion but does not encompass the

whole of the passage.

44. d The context here is that nations like America have been created

from migration and settlement and hence there is nothing

organic about them. 'Organic' in the context would take a

sense of 'having a common history/tradition/culture/ ancestry'

for the people of a particular country (of the 'New World').

Option (a) conveys the opposite of the intended meaning.

Option (b) is incorrect as we are talking of common principles/

tradition/evolution and not 'rigid principles'. As regards option

(c), the author is not worried about the outlook of people—

whether they are traditional /modern in outlook. But he is

definitely indicating that the entire population has not evolved

in a similar way and the people do not have a common history,

which renders (d) correct.

45. b Statements B, C and D are implied by the author in the fourth

paragraph where the author brings out the similarities between

US and Australian backgrounds as opposed to that of Europe.

A can be eliminated as it speaks about a characteristic that is

peculiar only to the US.

46. d Option (a) can be inferred from Para 2. Option (b) can be

inferred from the 3rd paragraph. Option (c) can be inferred

from the last 2 paras of the passage.

47. b 'Chorale' means a formal song written to be sung by a choir,

especially in a church. A 'corral' is an enclosure for cattle or

horses.

In the sentence 2, - 'mendicity' is the correct word, as we

read in the sentence, 'little boys asking charity...the country

had swarmed with beggars'. While 'mendicity' is - the state of

being a beggar or mendicant 'mendacity' is - the act of not

telling the truth. E.g,- Politicians are often accused of

'mendacity'.

In the sentence 3, the correct word is -'derisive', which means

mocking; jeering. While 'derisive' means mocking or conveying

contempt, 'derisory' means laughable; ridiculous. 'Derisory' is

used for something that invites contempt or scorn.

In the sentence 4, the systems of old India can be 'abstruse'

(difficult to understand) and not 'obtuse' (witless or unwilling

to try to understand).

In sentence 5, 'bawl' means to sob loudly; 'bowl' means to

hurl a cricket ball from one end of the pitch towards the

batsman at the other end.

48. b Keep in mind the first and last sentence of the paragraph

where the author explains that his emotions made him a writer

which means that, earlier, he was not a writer. So, option (a)

can be ruled out because if he was not a writer in the first

place then his preference of getting inspired (to write) by

facts does not even arise.

Option (b) is the first sentence because 'the impact of personal

events' is the author's feelings of 'disgust' and 'hurt'. This

connects with the sentence given in the paragraph and

highlights the emotions that became the real source of

inspiration for the author.

Note that the paragraph uses first person narrative and past

tense. This is why option (c) is clearly incorrect. Also, (c)

pertains specifically to 'writing style'.

Option (d) refers specifically to the writer's relationship with

his characters which is discussed later in the paragraph and

hence cannot be the first sentence. Also, the sentence uses

repetitive words like translated 'on paper'.

49. c B is incorrect. It should be 'cover of the book' and not 'the book

cover'. D uses 'sometime' incorrectly as it means at some

unknown time; it should be 'sometimes' which means

occasionally.

50. d Option (a) is incorrect. 'Subsumed' means to include

(something) under a larger classification or group. Learning

included in the genetic code does not make sense. Moreover,

'primitive' is not suitable for the second blank. The instinctive

behavioural responses cannot be taken as primitive, they are

spontaneous.

Option (b) is incorrect. 'Transient' means lasting for a short

time only. The word does not communicate the meaning properly.

Option (c) is incorrect 'familiar' is not the suitable word for the

second blank. It distorts the meaning of the sentence. Moreover,

learning 'compatible with' genetic code is not the correct

expression.

Option (d), 'dictated by and stereotyped' is the correct answer

as it explains the meaning of the sentence correctly without

distorting the meaning of the sentence. Learning is determined

by the genetic code and it is stereotyped in behaviour.

51. b The passage suggests that 'positive science' is based on

hypotheses contradictory to Kant's propositions which

however does not mean that such hypotheses are false.

Kant's view is about the impossibility of perceiving anything

empirically. This is best reflected in option (b). Option (c) cannot

be inferred from the passage. Option (d) is a general view of

Kant, not specific to 'positive science'.

52. d Option (a) is not the correct answer. It is too extreme and the

author is trying to say that man has a flawed sense of

perception and not that the man knows nothing about himself.

Option (b) is incorrect as the passage suggests, "We know

nothing more than our mode of perceiving them…"., which

means we have very limited knowledge about ourselves.

This leads us to option (d) and at the same time negates option

(c).

53. d Statements (a), (b) and (c) represent activities which have an

empirical validity under natural sciences, but they do not hold

good under Kant's hypothesis, which raises a question on

correctness and the validity of human intuition and observation.

54. d Option (a) is incorrect because it refers to the properties

purchased by the Wrigley family whereas the beginning of

the paragraph refers to one specific mansion that was owned

by them.

Even though it may seem like a good choice, option (b) is

incorrect because the option specifies it was the Wrigley's

mansion and the same is repeated in the given paragraph

'owned by the Wrigleys'. This repetition sounds awkward

and is unnecessary.

Option (c) is not the best choice because it tends to hint that

this was just like any other mansion whereas the details of

the mansion given in the paragraph positively suggest that it

was special. Also, the author is not making any comparison of

this mansion with others.

Option (d) is the best choice because it highlights the main

reason of the author's discussion 'architectural beauty' of

this particular mansion. The author explains the beauty of this

mansion as 'fifteen bedrooms containing unique mahogany

wood work' etc.

55. a In sentence 1, 'slipshod' means haphazard. To complement it

the other word cannot be slower. It has to be 'sloven' which

means untidy or careless in appearance. Further the latter

part also hints at 'sloven' as the needed word, as it states that

every thing must be kept in good repair.

In sentence 2 (B) is correct. The specimens of incrustation (a

crust or coating) shown to geologists, clearly hint that the

origin of the incrustation can be 'igneous'; formed by

solidification from a molten state. (A)- 'Ingenious' which means

- showing inventiveness or adeptness, is a sure misfit for the

sentence.

In sentence 3, 'solecism' means committing a grammatical or

idiomatic error- here it would refer to incorrect semantics.

'Solipsism' is the philosophical theory that the self is all that

you know to exist. In sentence 4, (A) 'crevice' which is a

narrow crack or space, especially in the surface of a rock,

befits the sentence. A 'crevasse' is a very deep crack in the

thick ice of a glacier.

In sentence 5, 'fluting' is the act of incising or making grooves.

This hints that the other word to correspond it should be

'crimping' and not 'crumpling'. 'To crimp' is to make ridges by

pinching together. To 'crumple' means to crush.

56. b The author uses the phrase "to me they throw down the

gauntlet", an expression which suggests "issue a challenge

to someone". So the objects actually pose a challenge to the

author as they are difficult to be categorized or classified.

Option (a) is nowhere implied. Option (c) is incorrect as the

objects seem to have actually pushed the author to hold the

art exhibition. Option (d) cannot be validated as we cannot

infer from the passage that the author has rigid beliefs.

57. a Refer to the initial lines "In terms of my interests that was an

important piece for me to write, because it was really trying to

engage with those questions of loss and also drawing on

psychoanalytic tools of enquiry. I suppose now my own

method or way of thinking doesn't abandon those types of

questions, but I'm more interested in how the artwork itself

does that." It is clear that the author has written something

about "…. loss" and related things. Also it is clear from the

latter parts of the passage that the author is displaying Hesse's

artwork in a contemporary environment. Option (b) does not

connect to the initial lines. The initial lines are about what the

author has written on '…loss'. Even option (c) does not include

a reference to what the author has written. Option (d) would

have been correct if the author had strongly justified that – he

has not completely abandoned his earlier views/ he has

completely abandoned his earlier views. But the tone of the

author makes it clear that he is trying to connect his earlier

views with the present exhibition and not justify something to

someone. Option (a) is a question which asks about the

connection between Hesse's theory, the author's interpretation

and the exhibition. A close observation of the structure of the

initial lines – the author establishing a positive connection

between his writings on Hesse's theory and the exhibition –

leads to option (a) as the correct answer.

58. c The author says that holding the exhibition is akin to writing a

book on Hesse; he nowhere implies that he has any intention

of writing a book on Hesse. D can be gauged by the fact that

the author wants people to cogitate about Hesse's art pieces.

He wants confrontation with the contemporary. So

'constructive enquiry' is one of the objectives of the exhibition.

B is incorrect as the line "In this show what's been important

for me is that I've been working on Hesse for a long time, and

these objects have always been there, have always been

incredibly intriguing, but you don't actually know what they

are." shows that the author has not attained clarity about the

Art pieces of Hesse, inspite of studying them for a long time.

C is also incorrect as the line "But in the end maybe if they test

anything out, they test our capacity to see them as art objects"

shows that it is not easy to visualize the test pieces as objects

of Art. In fact it is a challenge/test to do so.

59. c The word 'precarious' is used by the author to indicate that it

is very difficult to understand Hesse's art pieces. Hence, it

becomes difficult to classify or categorize them. Any

interpretation of these pieces could be slippery. This leads us

to option (c). Option (a) is exaggerated. Option (b) diverts

from the intended meaning of 'precarious'. Also it does not

take into account the fact that any interpretation whether it is

superficial or in-depth is 'precarious' here. Option (d) is

incorrect as the pieces confound everyone not just the layman.

60. c As the second line of the paragraph is "it is not a matter of

chance or coincidence"; 'it' in it refers to a fact. Only option (c)

mentions a fact (blue skies and bright suns usually dominate

the drawings of children).

VA Apr 10 OAs

1.Ans (c)  C. should be the first sentence as it states that the logic presented in 1. is not true. A. and D. talk about the qualities of a good actor. B. talks about the author's own plays and 6. continues with his observation in B.

2.Ans (b)  C. introduces the idea that some comedies have survived over many years. B. gives a reason for it and A. continues with the reason.

3.Ans (a)  B. introduces 'an ally of the wind', hinted at in 1. C. states that the author did not hear it and A. gives the reason for it.

4.Ans (c)  D. talks about the 'power' introduced in 1. A. states that if 'it is an anchor in difficulties it should be remembered in

good times too'. C. states the work done by some organizations and B. adds to it.

5. d A. suggests that seniors should help in showing the path. B. continues by referring to 'the seniors' mentioned in A. C. and D. state how one should accept the help provided by seniors.

6.Ans (b)  C. introduces the idea of making a will, A. gives a reason for doing so, B. and D. exemplify it through an example from author's life.

7.Ans (a)  C. introduces the topic of the passage, B. states how India is doing what C. has warned against. B. compares India's attitude with that of the smaller countries and D. refers to a specific case to prove the point.

8.Ans (c)  C. states a situation, A. contradicts by using 'but', D. states that as the trail continues one feels that one would son see the plain, but B. shows that this hope is not fulfilled.

9.Ans (a)  D. introduces an idea of using something in tricks. C. gives an example of one such trick B. talks of something entertainers would do and D. tells us about something that happened during one such show.

10.Ans (d)  B. introduces the author, D. says that he enjoys his profession, A. and C. continue with it.

11.Ans (b)  Privilege can be used in A., B. and D.

12.Ans (c)  Disaster can fit in A., C. and D.

13.Ans (d)  Depression fits in A., B. and D.

14.Ans (b)  Imagination fits in A. and D.

15.Ans (a)  State fits in A., B. and D.

16.Ans (a)  Perjury is an extended form of lying just as a testimony is an extended form of a statement.

17.Ans (b)  Medieval follows prehistoric, just as future follows present.

18.Ans (d)  Both the pairs are pairs of synonyms.

19.Ans (d)  C. should precede D. as D. uses 'they' to refer to 'the evils of one's own life' mentioned in C.B. and A. logically follow.

20.Ans (a)  Only C. uses the noun 'the writer', which is referred to as 'he' in all other choices, hence C. should be the first one in the series. Also B should logically follow C. So this makes option (a) correct.

21.Ans (b)  The subject of the sentence has been introduced in A. as 'the masterpiece', so should be the first part of the sentence. A masterpiece cannot be a career, or untaught genius. Only D. can follow A.

22.Ans (c)  C. introduces the central point of the sentence as 'the public being easily disillusioned'. It should be the first part in the series. B., D. and then A. logically follow.

23.Ans (b)  D. introduces the subject as 'the roots of the riots', B. states what the roots are related to, C. gives another point of relation, which has to logically precede A.

24.Ans (b)  Only 'happened to' or 'wasn't' can grammatically fit here. 'Wasn't' does not give the sentence the appropriate meaning

25.Ans (c)  One 'launches' a product.

26.Ans (d)  'Unexpected success' goes best with 'fortune was made'.

27.Ans (a)  The correct idiomatic usage is 'smothering the flames'.

28.Ans (d)  Because there is a reference of two peoples Sam and I, therefore there is a need to use 'Between'.

29.Ans (b)  'Hinge upon' means 'depends upon'.

30. a Only 'come in' fits here grammatically as others present incomplete verbs.

31.Ans (c)  C. and D both present facts and no other choice gives that as an option.

32.Ans (a)  A. presents a judgement on part of the author, B. and C. present facts and D. presents a logical conclusion based on the facts.

33.Ans (a)  B. presents a fact and no other choice gives that as an option C. Presents an inference based on a logical conclusion of the fact that the revenues are already dwindling.

34.Ans (b)  We can see that B. presents a fact and D. presents an inference.

35.Ans (d)  A. and C. clearly present facts. B. is an opinion of the author based on common sense .D. presents an inference.

36.Ans (c)  A. is based on common sense. B. is a well known fact. C. is a logical conclusion based on B.

37.Ans (a)  B. is a well known fact which logically leads to the inference drawn in C. Other two are opinions of the author and hence judgements.

38.Ans (b) B. and D. clearly present facts. C. presents an inference based on these facts.

39.Ans (c)  A. and D. present facts, B. presents a logical conclusion based on these facts and C. presents a judgement on part of the author.

40.Ans (d A. is not a fact as it uses the phrase 'it appears'. C. and D. clearly present facts.

OA . 08.04.16

x`x

36. b 3 is quite obviously the opener. 4 goes on to define the term.

2 & 5 take the issue further, 1 forms the conclusion. Note that

4,2,5 is a mandatory triad

37. d 'd' is the correct option since it gives the additional relevant

details regarding the directive. It is highly unlikely that '1' will

complete the paragraph as it takes a abrupt negative tone. '2'

is incorrect since it contradicts the last statement which refers

to 'call for the promotion of only sustainable biofuels', whereas

'2' talks about 'wind energy'. '3' digresses from the theme of

the paragraph.

38. d Only sentence (d) is incorrect as it uses the word 'push'

incorrectly. The correct expression to be used here is 'push

their luck' which means to take undue risks, esp. through

overconfidence, thus risking failure.

39. d 4 is the obvious opener, 5 describes it further, 1 makes a

statement which is closely linked to statement 2, 3 marks the

grand closing statement. 4,5 and 1,2 are mandatory pairs.

40. d Only sentence (d) is incorrect as it uses the expression 'cut

his heirs out' incorrectly. The correct expression to use here

is 'cut his heirs off' which means to disinherit

OAs - 06.04.16

OAs - 05.04.16

41. 1 3-B makes a correct match. It is the easiest to identify in the

given set. This leaves us with two options (1) and (2). Even

4-A is an easy pair to identify. This leads us to the correct

answer option.

42. 2 4-A is the easiest match to identify from the given set. This

leaves us with two options (1) and (2). On analysing further,

one can easily eliminate (1) in favour of (2) after identifying

the pair 3-D.

43. 1 4-C is the match which is easiest to identify. It leaves us with

two options (1) and (2). On a careful analysis of the remaining

pairs, one can easily choose (1) over option (2) by identifying

2-A as the matching pair.

44. 3 The phrase 'scripted… of 2001' refers to an entity which has

been scripted. Hence the phrase cannot modify the writer as

it seems to do in option (1). In option (2), the phrase incorrectly

modifies 'the Booker prize'. Logically, the novel would have

been scripted and not the Booker prize. In option (4), the

phrase again incorrectly modifies 'The writer'. In option (3),

the phrase correctly modifies 'The Novel'.

45. 2 The given sentence has a two part structure, one starting

with 'listening' and the other which talks about poetry. The

correct option will be one in which the two parts of the

sentence are parallel. In option (1), the second part starts

with Caldo's poetry which is not parallel to the earlier part

which starts with a verb+ing-'listening'. In Option (3), there is

no need to start the sentence with 'so'. The phrase 'just as'

applies equally to both sentence parts, hence starting the

sentence with 'reading' would have sufficed. Option (4)

correctly starts the sentence part with 'reading'. But the first

part of the original sentence ends in a noun, whose meaning

is extended by a phrase. i.e "…..to harmony in the 1840's, a

period bubbling with melodic musicians,". This construction is

not followed by option (4).

46. 4 In the given sentence, the time reference is to a future eventtaking

oath next year. The correct sense of the sentence can

be attained only by emphasizing the completeness of the

actions i.e. by using the future perfect tense for all the actions.

Option (1) incorrectly uses the simple future tense for the

actions of Nicholas and Paul. Option (2) uses 'will' instead of

'would' alongwith a mixture of simple and continuous future

tenses. Option (3) suffers from the error of parallelism as

also from the use of an incorrect tense structure. The second

action of Nicholas–'surpassing' as also Paul's 'will complete'

have to be in future perfect tense to denote the completion of

the actions in future.

47. 3 The opening sentence talks of the moon being an object of

interest to the human beings. The first sentence also mentions

that the moon is 'remote and alien'. Now if we look for a

sentence that would follow the opening sentence, we are

clear that it should talk more about the moon. On examining

sentence D, we can easily identify the connection of the

personal pronoun 'it' to the moon; further the sentence also

elaborates on the imagination of the humans with respect to

the moon, this suitably relates to the aspect of the moon being

'remote and alien'. Sentence B gives a contrast to the human

imagination mentioned in D, which talks of the moon being

perceived by the humans as a 'place of absence'. Therefore

B would follow D. C further highlights the 'unearthly beauty'

mentioned in B, when viewed by a human-eye through a

powerful pair of binoculars. A talks about 'the beauty of such

a moment', which refers to the 'captivating vision' of the moon

that the viewer gets through binoculars on a clear night as

described in statement C. Also, in A the words 'the viewer's

capacity' relate to the people using binoculars, thus making

CA the mandatory pair. In Sentence A the words 'instead with

the viewer's capacity to appreciate' relates to 'experience a

kind of euphoria' in the last sentence-6, which is fixed. This

gives us the sequence DBCA.

48. 3 The opening sentence talks of the European Sanskrit scholars

taking up Sanskrit studies more out of fascination for the

subject rather than exhibiting a critical ability for the same. On

scrutinizing the sentences to supplement as a continuing

statement we can pick up B as 'they knew a little' clearly

justifies the opening statement. Statement A aptly follows B as

it talks of the fanciful notions ascribed to Shakuntala being

the high watermark of Indian philosophy. Statement D continues

the discussion further. It validates the author's criticism of the

treatement accorded towards Sanskrit by the Europeans; it

brings to the fore another brand of people, 'the superficial

critics' who went on to 'ridicule everything from the East'. DC

is a mandatory pair as 'these' in C refers to the 'critics'

mentioned in D. Moreover, C continues the idea mentioned in

D. Thus, BADC is the correct sequence.

49. 1 The opening sentence talks about the ancestary of FitzGerald.

Sentence A establishes the claim of FitzGerald being a dilettante

made in the opening sentence. In sentence B, Edward Said's

statement 'such interests directed scholarships' refers to the

'translations' mentioned in sentence A. This makes AB a

mandatory pair. Sentence C follows B as the various

professions mentioned in C refer to the word 'scholars' already

mentioned in B. CD again becomes a mandatory pair as the

words 'in this' mentioned in D refers to the movement of coeterie

of various learned people alongwith the army to the Middle

East. Moreover, the 'he' in sentence 6 refers to FitzGerald

mentioned in sentence D; the last sentence also reveals the

true interests of FitzGerald.

50. 3 Option (1) is incorrect. The seals and amulets were left by

people between 2600 B.C to 1900 B.C.. Option (2) neither

supports nor weakens the claim in the question. We are

concerned with the sequence of the symbols on the seals in

Mesopotamia. Option (4) is not indicated or mentioned

anywhere in the passage. Option (3) by far represents a

strong evidence to support the claim that the Indus script is a

language. Since the order is different, it has led to the inference

that the symbols were used to represent different information

in West Asia as compared to the representation of information

in the Indus valley.

51. 4 The tone of the article is not very technical and is very similar

to the tone of an article in a magazine. The passage talks

about a research but the passage itself is not a research

paper owing to its non-technical treatment. It is almost like the

headline of an article or the opening paragraph which creates

interest in an article. The passage is informative in its tone and

hence it is most likely to be from an article in a magazine that

informs people about recent scientific advances towards

deciphering the Indus Valley script.

52. 4 The passage is not only about the Indus valley script; it mainly

discusses the findings of the researchers who apply

mathematical models and computers in order to decipher the

Indus Valley script. Option (1) is incomplete to encompass the

idea of the passage. Options (2) and (3) are erroneous as

they call the script-a language. The researchers are trying to

find out whether the script really is a language. Option (4) is

apt for the passage. It encompasses the subject matter of the

passage. In the passage we have researchers using

technology-to decipher an ancient script- the Indus valley

script.

53. 2 Option (1) is necessarily an assumption on which the whole

research is based. If Language need not have a structure

then the model would fail. Option (3) is again an assumption

as the research is based on the fact that the model is

reasonably accurate. Option (4) is also an assumption in the

passage. The presence of rules has supported the claim of

the researchers. But option (2) is not an assumption. It is part

of the claim and it is a conclusion which is strengthened by

the evidence and the results of the mathematical model.

54. 2 Option (1) is incorrect as it cannot be inferred. It could be one

of the claims of Benveniste's research. The passage,

concludes that the worthiness and excellence of

homeopathetic drugs is not yet accepted with certainty. Hence

option (1) is improprable. Option (2) is correct as it can be

inferred from the passage. Read the lines, 'The issues of

miracle cures with different dilutions become questionable

when such claims are examined in the absence of any placebo

or control studies..... However, homeopathic drug

standardization based on scientific metrics is needed for

research and reproducibility for routine clinical practice.' This

proves that homeopathy has failed to establish the validity of

its dilutions' effects in general research settings. And the

common denominator to all such failures can be attributed to

the absence of standardization of drug dilutions based on

scientific metrics. Option (3) is incorrect as it is a far-fetched

assumption. Although the passage provides evidence that

homeopaths usually claim to achieve curative effects by using

homeopathic substances, however it nowhere suggests that

they or their ideas are inspired by Benveniste's idea of digital

homeopathy and so they are willing to sell such remedies

over the internet. Option (4) is incorrect as it seems prejudiced

and unconvincing. Although Dr. Jacques' research or discovery

of Digital Biology presented weighty arguments and seemed

appealing to the intellect but there is no evidence provided in

the passage which proves that he was ignored/prejudged or

misinterpreted due to any 'bigoted viewpoint'.

55. 3 Option (1) 'Could water really have a memory?' voices one of

the main aspects of the discussion but limits the scope of the

passage. Options (2) and (4) are unable to evoke the basic

underlying theme of the passage. For sure, it is evident from

the passage that Homeopathy takes a different approach

from conventional medicine in diagnosing, classifying, and

treating medical problems. Moreover treatment in homeopathy

is individualized (tailored to each person). Hence to call it

Alternative or unconventional medicine, is correct.The

homeopathic dilutions are not apprehended with certainty. A

suitable title is meant to encompass the entire jist of the

passage. Option (3) aptly does the same.

56. 3 Dr. Jacques' discovery of Digital Biology is serendipity. Option

(1) is out of scope. One cannot help but sense the potential

treasure-trove of knowledge that further research in

homeopathy and nanopharmacology may bring in this

millennium. However to call this discovery as a treasuretrove

of tall-tales seems incorrect as saying this would mean

carping or ridiculing the significance of the discovery itself.

Option (2) is negated as it is subject to confutation. The

discovery was also not a result of any haphazard or random

thought. A fluke is a quirk of fate; something good (which was

desired or intended to be achieved) that has happened and is

the result of chance instead of skill. Dr. Jacques' discovery of

Digital Biology was an unintended and a fortunate discovery

which happened by accident. For certain this was a

serendipitous discovery and not a fluke, hence option (4) is

also negated.

57. 1 Option (2) is incorrect as although the passage is an

examination of the discussed subject- 'Homeopathy/ Digital

Biology', the passage doesn't convey any severe disapproval

of Homeopathy or Digital Biology. Option (3) is unconvincing

as the passage does not give any cautionary advice or

warning. Moreover, the author's approach is not at all

admonitory, rather it is analytical. Option (4) - 'interpretative

dissertation' is objectionable. A 'dissertation' is a long piece of

writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done as

a part of a course at college or university. The passage gives

no hint of that neither does it interpret anything. The author's

style of writing is neither harsh nor does it display use of any

word or phrase to avoid saying anything which could be

unpleasant or offensive. The passage is analytical and tends

to examine the case very carefully. The passage is most likely

to be a medical discourse.

58. 4 It can be inferred from the lines 'In this way economists used

the competitive model as the major road map of their world.'

and 'The growth theory of the time resulted in the emergence

of a new and qualitatively different kind of modeling, with

qualitatively different mathematics; but it was still accompanied

by a stubbornly unchanged economics.' that the economics

part of the growth theory was similar to the 'old economics'.

Option (1) cannot be inferred as it is stated that 'economists

used the competitive model as the major road map of their

world.' Option (2) again cannot be inferred as the old economics

sort of clung to the growth theory. Regarding option (3), we

cannot say that the competitive model was the main prejudice

on which the old economics was based – but we can say

that the model was one of the tenets of the old economics.

59. 3 Option (1) is incorrect as growth theory did not entirely negate

the models and tenets of the 'old economics'. Option (2) is

exaggerated. The passage does talk about the fact that the

growth theory is not entirely convincing but this does not

mean that the growth theory has only created confusion.

Regarding option (4), the passage talks only about the initial

phase of growth theory. It has not sufficiently discussed the

progressive changes that growth theory brought about. Only

option (3) correctly describes the phase in which the passage

is. It is true that the models of growth theory were not entirely

convincing.

60. 2 Option (1) can be inferred from the models that Solow talks

about in Para 2. Option (3) refers to residual growth. The line

'Edward Denison's (1962) Sources of Economic Growth and

the Alternatives Before Us, which followed Solow's

methodology in calculation of growth residuals, made

estimates of the effects of increased education' makes it

clear that Solow had talked a methodology for calculating

residual growth. Option (4) can be inferred from Para 2 where

it is said that the old economics rigidly clung to the growth

theory. The mathematics part can be easily inferred from the

discussion. But option (2) cannot be inferred. Refer to the line

in the third para-'There was no analysis as to how different

qualities of goods (in the case of growth theory, different

qualities of capital) would affect markets', which makes this

clear.